Recovery of Retrograde Condensed Liquid in Mature Reservoirs of Gas Condensate in Latin America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The clear increase of the gas and gas condensate reserves at the Eastern part of Venezuela during the last decades can be considered as the best evidence of the current huge efforts to develop those gas potential. More than 65% of the remaining gas reserves are concentrated in the Eastern part of the country, most of which show an initial reservoir pressure equals to or greater than the dew-point pressure, the reservoir temperature is between the critical and the cricondentherm temperatures, and the hydrocarbon mixture originally exists as a single-phase dew-point gas. As a result this would suggest " in-situ?? liquid drop-out between 2 to 12 percent which then after would hinder the natural gas production. This paper shows the obtained results from studied cases of some routine or cyclic dry gas injection in wells of carbonate reservoirs. It has been concluded from the course of study that it is possible to re-evaporate the condensate liquid, especially around the wellbore through changing the composition of the in-situ liquid drop-out. This micro-compositional effect upon the liquid drop-out in the porous media within the vicinity of the well-bore would increase the chance to prolong the multi-wells gas reservoir production life. Previous experiences of dry gas injection were obtained in the mature gas condensate reservoir belonging to the Rapid River and Cold Spring Fields (located in Canada) via injecting pressurized dry gas which leads to an increase of the surface liquid production from 5 to 15 STB/MMSCF. A similar test was made on 12 reservoirs belonging to Cold Spring Field which also leads to an increase of the surface liquid production from 8 to 10 STB/MMSCF, meaning an increase of surface liquid production of almost 25%. Venezuelan reservoir fluids under this study have shown concentrations of 2% to 4% of H2S and 10% to 25% of CO2. Initial Production tests combined with PVT data have shown a progressive degradation in hydrocarbon fluid properties with depth and have also shown a sharp decrease of hydrocarbon gravity from 50° to 32° API. The fluid profile showed a noticeable variation from the shallowest reservoirs, with mainly gas condensate fluids, to the deepest ones with mainly volatile types of fluids. The producing GOR of the gas condensate reservoirs ranges from 5000 to 16000 Scf/STB, whereas those for volatile oils range from 2000 to 5000 Scf/STB. Some gas condensate reservoirs have C7+ mole percentages of less than 12.5. The lab swelling experiments using commercial simulator and field experiences in Latin America have permitted to prove that the injection of dry gas will yield a modification of the reservoir fluid composition as well as its phase envelope, which would increase at the same time the cumulative production, the recovery factor and the production life of the reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".