A theoretical comparison of tissue parameter extraction methods for dual energy computed tomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability of common sinogram-based DECT reconstruction methods for radiotherapy tissue characterization and to evaluate the advantage of combining them with a stoichiometric calibration. METHODS: The sinogram-based DECT method defined byAlvarez and Macovski ["Energy-selective reconstructions in x-ray computerized tomography," Phys. Med. Biol. 21, 733-744 (1976)] is adapted to the XCOM photon cross sections database and also generalized to a two-material decomposition method. A theoretical framework is developed using a test phantom containing human tissue compositions for comparing the sinogram-based methods and the calibration-based method, being defined as the application of the stoichiometric calibration technique of Bourque et al. ["A stoichiometric calibration method for dual energy computed tomography," Phys. Med. Biol. 59, 2059-2088 (2014)] on monoenergetic images being generated with a sinogram-based method. Applying a bias correction to the sinogram-based method, its performance in extracting human tissue parameters in the presence of noise as well as by altering the photon energy spectrum is compared to the calibration-based method. RESULTS: In the absence of noise and without spectrum alteration, the calibration-based method is found to have no benefit on the sinogram-based method. However, the calibration-based method is shown to be potentially more reliable than bias-corrected sinogram-based methods in situations comparable to the clinical environment, where noise is present and the photon energy spectra can differ from what is used during image reconstruction. In determining electron density, the performance of all methods is comparable in the presence of noise only. Moreover, combined with heavy spectrum alteration, the mean errors on electron density are found higher in sinogram-based methods in comparison with the calibration-based method, with 1.2% versus 0.2%. In the presence of significant noise, bias-corrected sinogram-based methods yield mean errors on effective atomic number of about 2.5%, as compared to 0.5% for the calibration-based method. When combined with heavy spectrum alteration, bias-corrected sinogram-based methods can lead to error of up to 4% on the effective atomic number versus 1.8% for the calibration-based method. CONCLUSIONS: While sinogram-based methods have the advantage of eliminating beam hardening effects, results of this study suggest improvements in the accuracy and reliability of extracting tissue parameters by applying the DECT stoichiometric calibration of Bourqueet al. to monoenergetic images being generated with such DECT reconstruction methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".