Digoxin-Like Immunoreactive Substance in Renal Failure: A Reappraisal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A digoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DLIS) has been described in the sera of patients with renal impairment. To further investigate this problem, we measured digoxin in 50 patients with elevated serum creatinine using 4 commercial digoxin immunoassay kits (3 radioimmunoassay methods and 1 fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique). Ten of the patients were receiving digoxin therapeutically, while the remainder were not receiving the drug. Two of the radioimmunoassay kits detected low amounts of DLIS in 23% of the subjects not receiving digoxin, the highest level being 0.5 nmol/l. No DLIS was detected by the other radioimmunoassay kit or by the fluorescence polarization technique. The majority of renal patients receiving digoxin had similar results by all 4 methods, although 2 patients differed by 0.6 nmol/l as measured by 2 of the radioimmunoassay kits. We conclude that the extent of interference by DLIS in digoxin immunoassays in patients with renal impairment is not as great as has been previously reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".