ESTIMATION PROCEDURES FOR CATEGORICAL SURVEY DATA WITH NONIGNORABLE NONRESPONSE
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider surveys with one or more callbacks and use a series of logistic regressions to model the probabilities of nonresponse at first contact and subsequent callbacks. These probabilities are allowed to depend on covariates as well as the categorical variable of interest and so the nonresponse mechanism is nonignorable. Explicit formulae for the score functions and information matrices are given for some important special cases to facilitate implementation of the method of scoring for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. For estimating finite population quantities, we suggest the imputation and prediction approaches as alternatives to weighting adjustment. Simulation results suggest that the proposed methods work well in reducing the bias due to nonresponse. In our study, the imputation and prediction approaches perform better than weighting adjustment and they continue to perform quite well in simulations involving misspecified response models. Copyright © 2001 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it