Liquid film formation and cracking during friction stir welding
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of tool rotation speed and travel speed during friction stir welding is studied in the case of Al 2024 which contains low melting point phases. When a tool rotation speed of 1600 rev min −1 is applied with a travel speed of 100 mm min −1 , S-phase (Al 2 CuMg) particles in the base material form melted films, promoting the formation of spalling defects comprising subsurface cracks along the trailing edge of the weld below the tool shoulder. Decreasing the tool rotation speed to 400 rev min −1 prevented formation of the melted films by reducing the peak temperature in the stir zone, and avoided formation of spalling defects. When the travel speed is decreased to 32 mm min −1 when using 1600 rev min −1 , dissolution of the S-phase occurs and fewer melted films remain in the stir zone. This implies that travel speeds are limited in alloys which contain low melting point phases since these promote cracking defects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it