Bibliographic record
Abstract
A batch stirred tank device has been developed for measuring fouling from oil samples. The unit consists of a baffled tank equipped with a centrally mounted long blade stirrer, and an electrically heated rod located at 40% of the radius of the tank. Heat transfer from the rod was first characterized. The velocity field was measured, from which the approach velocity to the probe was determined, which allowed the wall shear on the heating probe to be calculated from a literature equation. Fouling of a heavy oil fraction was studied in 1- to 2-day experiments with bulk oil temperatures typically at 320°C, initial probe surface temperatures to 536°C, and stirrer speeds of 100–900 rpm. Micrometer-sized iron oxide particles were added to the oil, such that fouling was due to a combination of particle deposition and coke formation. Deposition rates were measured thermally from the change in heat transfer coefficient when fouling was relatively heavy, and by thickness and mass accumulation when fouling was light. Effects of oil type, film temperature, stirrer rotation speed (or probe wall shear stress), and concentration of suspended particles on deposition rate and deposit composition are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".