Bibliographic record
Abstract
Initiated by volunteer computing efforts, the computation outsourcing problem can become a compelling application for networked set-top-boxes and mobile devices. In this paper we extend such environments with the ability to provide secure payments in exchange for outsourced CPU cycles. Previous contributions in wired networks have almost exclusively tackled only one side of the problem -- offering incentives for volunteer participation and preventing worker laziness. This makes sense in static environments where reputable outsourcers have little to gain from incorrectly rewarding honest participation. However, this assumption is no longer valid in ad hoc environments, where unique identities are difficult to provide and anyone can outsource computations. In this paper we propose a solution that simultaneously ensures correct remuneration for jobs completed on time and prevents worker laziness. Our solution relies on an offline bank to generate and redeem payments; the bank is oblivious to interactions between outsourcers and workers. In particular, the bank is not involved in job computation or verification. Our experiments show that the solution is efficient: the bank can perform hundreds of payment transactions per second and the overheads imposed on outsourcers and workers are negligible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".