Impact of toxic metals and metalloids from the Caribou gold-mining areas in Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Caribou gold-mining areas in Nova Scotia, Canada were in full production from 1869 to 1927. Abandoned waste rocks and fine-grained tailings from Hg-amalgamation processes have weathered into Long Lake, part of the Moose River system. Metal burdens in tailings and lake sediments, as well as the biological community structure above and below the processing site, were investigated. Surface tailings were found to contain (in μ g g −1 ): As (5000–28 000), Cd (0.1–0.6), Cu (6–37), Mn (50–600), Ni (600–2000), Hg (0.3–0.7), Pb (70–120), Tl (0.03–0.06), V (3–10) and Zn (20–100). Lake sediments below the tailing field were found to be highly enriched with As, Ni, Pb and, to a lesser extent, Hg, Cu and Mn. Air–surface exchange from tailings (preliminary results, 48 h cycle) exhibit Hg-flux rates from 20 to >100 times greater than those of natural soils in Nova Scotia. Stream water and sediments below the mine were toxic to the benthic community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".