Membrane Fouling Test: Apparatus Evaluation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flux decline with time is one of the most serious shortcomings of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. It is highly desirable to have a membrane (fouling) testing procedure that is short in duration, utilizes a minimum amount of test solution, only requires a small membrane area, and is representative of the large-scale process. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the testing of a given membrane using a number of different test units (reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, dead-end, and cross-flow cells) and testing procedures. It was of particular interest to determine if smaller cells used in the literature perform similarly to the Sepa CF cell, as it is a standard. During six-day runs the flux decline of the polyethersulfone membrane tested was mainly caused by membrane compaction and much less due to fouling. As various membrane materials compact to a different extent, studies into the fouling characteristics of different types of membranes should incorporate precompaction and pure water testing to quantify the contribution of membrane compaction and true fouling to the overall flux decline. The dead-end cell performed very differently from continuous cells, so their use is not recommended. The six-day continuous flow tests showed that the reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), and cross-flow (CF) cells yielded very similar dissolved organic carbon removals and flux decline, despite UF and RO cells using membrane coupons eight times smaller than CF cells.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it