All Immigrants are Mexicans, Only Blacks are Minorities, But Some of Us are Brave: Race, Multiculturalism, and Postcolonial Studies in U.S. Education
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article highlights the tense and productive spaces that emerge when issues of race, diversity, and imperialism converge in education. It is grounded in the experiences of Filipino/a Americans, the second largest Asian American ethnic group in the United States whose country of ancestry was under United States colonial rule for over 40 years and whose diasporic conditions continue to be shaped by the legacies of Western colonialism. Mobilizing insights from the field of Ethnic Studies, it analyzes the multicultural writings of James Banks and the postcolonial projects of Henry Giroux and Cameron McCarthy. By juxtaposing multicultural and postcolonial studies through an examination of Filipino/a American realities, the article argues for a more complex and nuanced understanding of historical narrations and national belonging. It concludes with potential directions for transnational, intersectional, and comparative research in education.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".