Lake‐size dependency of wind shear and convection as controls on gas exchange
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
High‐frequency physical observations from 40 temperate lakes were used to examine the relative contributions of wind shear ( u * ) and convection ( w * ) to turbulence in the surface mixed layer. Seasonal patterns of u * and w * were dissimilar; u * was often highest in the spring, while w * increased throughout the summer to a maximum in early fall. Convection was a larger mixed‐layer turbulence source than wind shear ( u * / w * < 0.75) for 18 of the 40 lakes, including all 11 lakes <10 ha. As a consequence, the relative contribution of convection to the gas transfer velocity ( k , estimated by the surface renewal model) was greater for small lakes. The average k was 0.54 m day −1 for lakes <10 ha. Because u * and w * differ in temporal pattern and magnitude across lakes, both convection and wind shear should be considered in future formulations of lake‐air gas exchange, especially for small lakes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it