Embryology of the Neural Crest: Its Inductive Role in the Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neural crest cells are first recognized at the lateral margin of the neural placode shortly after gastrulation, although they are not committed to their diverse fates until later. After dorsal closure of the neural tube, neural crest cells separate and migrate throughout the embryo to form many structures of ectodermal origin (eg, dorsal root and autonomic ganglia, peripheral nerve sheaths) and mesodermal origin (eg, blood vessels, melanocytes, adipose tissue, membranous bone, connective tissue, most of the ocular globe). Terminal differentiation occurs after migration is complete. Three regions of the neural tube generate neural crest: rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and prosencephalon, each with a different migratory pattern. The most important genes promoting neural crest differentiation and migration are those with a dorsalizing influence in the vertical axis of the neural tube (eg, PAX3, BMP4, ZIC2), some segmentation genes (eg, WNT1), genes that inhibit neural crest (eg, EGR2), and neural crest-specific differentiating genes (eg, SLUG, SOX10). In the neurocutaneous syndromes, diverse features result from abnormal neural crest differentiation, providing a more encompassing embryologic basis for these disorders than the traditional view that these syndromes are somehow related to skin and brain because both are ectodermal derivatives. Abnormal angiogenesis, areas of abnormal pigmentation that sometimes follow the lines of Blashko, nerve sheath proliferations, disorders of chromaffin tissue, lipomes and benign and malignant tumors are frequent features. Many defective genes in neurocutaneous syndromes have an additional function as tumor suppressors. Interactions between genes associated with these disorders and others essential to neural crest formation, migration, and differentiation, are a likely molecular genetic basis for these diseases. The craniofacial abnormalities associated with many cerebral malformations and cutaneous lesions in some neurocutaneous syndromes emphasize an important inductive role of the neural tube in the development of non-neural tissues, mediated through neural crest.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".