Ion transport, membrane fluidity and haemoglobin conformation in erythrocyte from patients with cardiovascular diseases: Role of augmented plasma cholesterol
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia, which plays a key role in the development of renal and vascular complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), might be considered a consequence of vascular remodeling and/or attenuated oxygen (O(2)) delivery by erythrocytes. Using Raman spectroscopy (RS), we observed that erythrocytes from patients with CVD exhibit changes in the conformation of haemoglobin (Hb) haemoporphyrin (HP), reflecting its lower O(2) transport capacity. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are well-known hallmarks of CVD. This study examined the role of plasma lipids in the regulation of erythrocyte membrane viscosity, oxy-Hb content as well as Na(+)/H(+) exchange and Ca(2+)-ATPase, whose activities are altered in patients with CVD. HP conformation was assessed by RS of blood samples. Membrane fluidity was estimated at depths of 0.6-0.8 and 2.2nm by electron-paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of erythrocytes loaded with spin-labeled 5-doxylstearic acid and 16-doxylstearic acid, respectively. Ion-selective electrodes were employed for the study of H(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes. Both oxy-Hb content and erythrocyte membrane fluidity were decreased in essential hypertension and coronary artery disease patients and negatively correlated with plasma cholesterol but not triglyceride content. This observation allows us to assume that decreased oxy-Hb content in patients with CVD is caused by high plasma cholesterol via attenuation of erythrocyte membrane fluidity and its permeability to O(2). Plasma cholesterol level correlated positively and negatively with erythrocyte Na(+)/H(+) exchange and Ca(2+)-ATPase, respectively. However, in contrast to membrane fluidity, the impact of these ion transporters in oxy-Hb regulation under baseline conditions seems to be negligible. We propose that decreased oxy-Hb content contributes to the reduced O(2) tissue supply seen in patients with CVD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it