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Record W2107508543 · doi:10.3917/rdn.387.0857

La stratégie européenne de General Motors, de l'adaptation au protectionnisme à la mise en place du marché unique (1920-1993)

2010· article· fr· W2107508543 on OpenAlexaff
Thierry Grosbois

Bibliographic record

VenueRevue du Nord · 2010
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicPost-Communist Economic and Political Transition
Canadian institutionsUniversité du Québec à Trois-Rivières
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHumanitiesPolitical scienceArt

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Résumé Notre contribution porte sur l’européanisation d’une firme américaine, General Motors , par le biais de l’analyse de sa stratégie industrielle et commerciale en Europe, et ce, depuis ses premières décisions d’investissement en 1925. Contrairement à Ford, GM européanise ses marques dès son entrée sur les marchés britannique et allemand. Entre les deux guerres, GM s’adapte à la montée du protectionnisme en investissant dans des filiales situées sur les marchés européens convoités. La seconde guerre favorise l’émergence de deux pôles industriels, britannique et allemand, indépendants l’un de l’autre. GM décide de favoriser les investissements dans sa filiale Opel, au détriment de Vauxhall. La filiale Opel devient progressivement une marque européenne, dont la profitabilité permet à GM de compenser les difficultés enregistrées sur le marché nord-américain au cours des décennies 1970-1980. GM Europe restructure ses activités en favorisant l’intégration européenne dans le cadre du marché unique de 1993 et l’expansion en Europe méridionale et en Europe de l’Est.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.047
Threshold uncertainty score0.093

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.002
Scholarly communication0.0020.001
Open science0.0000.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0060.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.024
GPT teacher head0.272
Teacher spread0.248 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2010
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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