Adequacy criteria and methods for wind power transmission planning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The (n-1) reliability criterion is the mostly widely used adequacy criterion in conventional transmission system planning. The rapid growth of wind power, and the need to deliver this intermittent source of power from a location with rich wind resources to the power grid has created new challenges to determine adequate and economic transmission facility. This paper presents a probabilistic method to illustrate that the (n-1) criterion is not suitable for wind power transmission planning. However, probabilistic techniques that require complex statistical tools and considerable amounts of data are not readily applied in practice. This paper presents a simplified wind speed model that can generate wind speed probability distributions for wind farm sites if their annual mean wind speed and standard deviation values are known. The developed wind speed model can be combined with the wind turbine generator characteristics to obtain a wind farm generation model that can be further modified to incorporate the effect of the transmission line on wind power delivery. The results of adequacy studies on test systems are presented. The presented methods and discussions should be useful to power system planners and policy makers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".