Cost of Health Care Among Patients With Chronic and Episodic Migraine in Canada and the USA: Results From the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare healthcare resource use and related costs in chronic migraine and episodic migraine in the USA and Canada. BACKGROUND: Migraine is a common neurological disorder that produces substantial disability for sufferers around the world. Several studies have quantified overall costs associated with migraine in general, with recent estimates ranging from $581 to $7089 per year. Although prior studies have characterized the clinical and humanistic burden of chronic migraine relative to episodic migraine, to the best of our knowledge only 1 previous study has compared chronic migraine and episodic migraine healthcare costs. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the direct medical costs of chronic migraine and episodic migraine using medical resource use data collected as part of the International Burden of Migraine Study. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from respondents in 10 countries via a Web-based survey. Respondents were classified as chronic migraine (≥15 headache days/month) or episodic migraine (<15 headache days/month). Data collection included socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and medical resource use for headache (clinician and emergency department visits and hospitalizations over the preceding 3 months and medications over the preceding 4 weeks). Unit cost data were collected outside of the Web-based survey using publicly available sources and then applied to resource use profiles. Cost estimates are presented in 2010 US and Canadian dollars. RESULTS: In this manuscript, the analysis included data from respondents with migraine in the USA (N=1204) and Canada (N=681). The most common medical services utilized by all respondents included headache-specific medication, healthcare provider visits, emergency department visits, and diagnostic testing. In the USA, approximately one-quarter (26.2%) of chronic migraine participants vs 13.9% of episodic migraine participants reported visiting a primary care physician in the preceding 3 months (P<.001). In Canada, one-half (48.2%) of chronic migraine participants had a primary care physician visit, compared with 12.3% of episodic migraine subjects (P< .0001). Total mean headache-related costs for participants with chronic migraine in the USA were $1036 (±$1334) over 3 months compared to $383 (±807, P< .001) for persons with episodic migraine. In Canada, total mean headache-related costs among chronic migraine subjects were $471 (±1022) compared to $172 (±920, P< .001) for episodic migraine subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic migraine was associated with higher medical resource use and total costs compared to episodic migraine. Therapies that reduce headache frequency could become important approaches for containing or reducing headache-related medical costs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".