Onontio Gives Birth: How the French in Canada Became Fathers to Their Indigenous Allies, 1645–73
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: As recent scholarship has recognized, kinship is at the heart of Indigenous visions of law and alliance. This article explores an important shift in the kin metaphors used in intercultural alliances and treaty making in seventeenth-century eastern Canada. At the beginning of this period, Indigenous peoples and French colonizers described their relationship as an alliance of brothers. By the end of the century, the governor in Quebec was ritually addressed as a father by First Nations allied to the French. This new metaphor would outlive the French regime and endure for another two centuries as a key symbol in British–Indigenous relations. Scholars have generally attributed the paternal status of French (and, later, British) royal representatives in the alliance to the insistence of patriarchally minded Europeans, but, in fact, the notion of French fatherhood originated with Mohawk and Onondaga leaders as early as the 1640s as a corollary of their efforts to establish an alliance with the French. Only later was the new kin metaphor embraced by King Louis XIV's colonial representatives as an expression of absolutist power, subject to the approval of Indigenous nations who held their own opinions about the obligations of fathers toward their children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".