Treatment of Chronic Pain by Long‐Acting Opioids and the Effects on Sleep
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic pain affects a substantial part of the population, and conveys a huge economic cost to society. Owing to its prevalence and adverse impact, it is of particular interest to clinicians, patients, and the pharmaceutical industry. Conversely, the effects of pain on sleep, sleep on pain, and opioid analgesics on sleep represent a large gap in our understanding, even though pain and sleep are closely linked, inter-related conditions. Chronic pain is often treated by opioid analgesics, which are often thought to promote restful sleep. Indeed it may be assumed that by relieving pain, sleep quality will improve concomitantly. In fact, the reality is much more complicated. The effects of opioids vary according to their formulation and duration of action, and have diverse effects on sleep processes. Despite the prevalence of this problem, there is a surprising paucity of data on the effects of opioids on sleep. This review attempts to summarize the links between pain and sleep, and to look at the studies with opioid analgesics, particularly those with extended-release formulations, that have investigated the effects of opioid analgesics on sleep.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it