Line impact cost concept to calculate congestion costs in deregulated electricity market
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Congestion in lines forces electricity markets to operate with a costlier generation schedule. It is essential to charge the loads responsible for congestion appropriately. This paper proposes a method to allocate congestion costs to loads and calculate incremental congestion costs. This method quantifies the impact of congested lines on optimal generation costs by computing a newly proposed line impact cost for each congested line. Using these line impact costs, total system congestion cost is apportioned to each congested line. Using topological load distribution factors, congestion cost associated with each congested line is apportioned to each load. The sum of such costs for a load, one from each line, represents the congestion cost for that load. This paper also analyzes the relationship between incremental congestion cost and the electrical distance separating loads and congested lines bringing out an empirical relation between them. Performance of the proposed method and its results on a 7-bus and the modified IEEE RTS-79 systems are reported and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".