The pivotal role of heart rate in clinical practice: from atherosclerosis to acute coronary syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heart rate is a predictor of major cardiovascular events in both the general population and patients with various cardiovascular diseases. The association between resting heart rate and mortality has been observed in patients with hypertension and with metabolic syndrome and in the elderly. The prognostic value of heart rate has also been shown in patients with stable coronary heart disease. We assessed the relationship between resting heart rate at baseline and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, while adjusting for risk factors. A total of 24 913 patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study registry were studied for a median follow-up of close to 15 years. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular re-hospitalizations were increased with increasing heart rate (P < 0.0001). When compared with the reference group, patients with resting heart rate ≥83 bpm at baseline had a significantly higher risk for total mortality [hazard ratio 1.32; confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.47; P < 0.0001] and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 1.31; CI 1.15–1.48; P < 0.0001) after adjustment for multiple clinical variables. When comparing patients with heart rates between 77–82 and ≥83 bpm with patients with a heart rate ≤62 bpm, the hazard ratios for time to first cardiovascular re-hospitalization were 1.11 and 1.14 (P < 0.001 for both). Resting heart rate has also been shown to be associated with the severity and rate of progression of coronary atherosclerosis and to be an independent predictor of plaque rupture in coronary arteries. Resting heart rate is a simple measurement with prognostic implications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.088 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".