Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review
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A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame — the usual design — would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of smoke-free workplaces on smoking in employees and compare these effects to those achieved through tax increases. DESIGN: Systematic review with a random effects meta-analysis. STUDY SELECTION: 26 studies on the effects of smoke-free workplaces. SETTING: Workplaces in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Germany. PARTICIPANTS: Employees in unrestricted and totally smoke-free workplaces. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily cigarette consumption (per smoker and per employee) and smoking prevalence. RESULTS: Totally smoke-free workplaces are associated with reductions in prevalence of smoking of 3.8% (95% confidence interval 2.8% to 4.7%) and 3.1 (2.4 to 3.8) fewer cigarettes smoked per day per continuing smoker. Combination of the effects of reduced prevalence and lower consumption per continuing smoker yields a mean reduction of 1.3 cigarettes per day per employee, which corresponds to a relative reduction of 29%. To achieve similar reductions the tax on a pack of cigarettes would have to increase from $0.76 to $3.05 (0.78 euro to 3.14 euro) in the United States and from 3.44 pounds sterling to 6.59 pounds sterling (5.32 euro to 10.20 euro) in the United Kingdom. If all workplaces became smoke-free, consumption per capita in the entire population would drop by 4.5% in the United States and 7.6% in the United Kingdom, costing the tobacco industry $1.7 billion and 310 million pounds sterling annually in lost sales. To achieve similar reductions tax per pack would have to increase to $1.11 and 4.26 pounds sterling. CONCLUSIONS: Smoke-free workplaces not only protect non-smokers from the dangers of passive smoking, they also encourage smokers to quit or to reduce consumption.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- BMJ
- Topic
- Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- —
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute
- Keywords
- MedicineConfidence intervalPer capitaEnvironmental healthSmokePopulationConsumption (sociology)DemographyGeographyInternal medicine
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes