Preface: sex differences in the functions and precursors of adolescent aggression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This volume provides a glimpse into the types of models and research questions that may contribute to our understanding of how best to interpret sex differences in adolescent aggression. In one study the authors contend that, despite changes in how aggression is expressed, the function of aggression remains fixed-to control and dominate relationships through aggressive acts and intimidation. While boys were expected to perpetrate more aggression toward peers than girls, sex differences were not observed in romantic relationships. Pepler's findings are consistent with patterns of domestic violence that have been widely documented during adulthood but only recently investigated in adolescent relationships. Another author raises important questions regarding sex differences in factors that may moderate the rewards (e.g., social status) for adolescents who engage in aggressive behavior. Using self-reports of perceived benefits and costs of physical and relational aggression, Leadbeater et al. found that the benefits of aggressive behavior in terms of perceived social status were similar for boys and girls, but the costs were not: aggressive boys were more likely than girls to be victimized themselves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".