On the Magnitude of the Geographic Distance Effect on Primary Agricultural and Processed Food Trade
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The empirical trade literature regularly emphasizes the essential role of the geographic distance in determining the levels and patterns of international trade. This paper examines the diversities in the magnitude of the geographic distance effects on primary agricultural trade and on processed food trade between OECD countries. The empirical results from different specifications of the gravity model reveal the existence of significant variations in the magnitude of the distance effects on primary agricultural trade and on processed food trade over time and through economic, geo‐economic, and socio‐economic characteristics of the exporting and importing countries. These findings imply that disregarding the variations through the distance effect by relying on overall estimates would adversely affect the design of trade policies, and would limit the understanding of trade patterns.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it