Tunneling beneath driven or jacked end-bearing piles in sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents centrifuge model test data that relate to the problem of tunneling beneath driven or jacked end-bearing piles in sand. The centrifuge model consisted of a tunnel and two piles and allowed for the acquisition of subsurface digital images throughout the tests. Soil and pile displacements were measured using particle image velocimetry and close-range photogrammetry techniques. The piles were jacked into the ground in-flight prior to tunnel volume loss to obtain ground stress profiles representative of conditions around driven or jacked piles. Patterns of displacements and calculated soil strains are presented to illustrate mechanisms of displacement and soil behavior. The measured soil and pile displacements are compared against greenfield test measurements. The results indicate that driving the piles significantly alters greenfield conditions and that greenfield displacements should not be used as an input for analytical tunnel–soil–pile interaction analyses for driven or jacked piles. Large pile displacements were observed to occur suddenly in the tests, illustrating the brittle nature of the soil in the areas affected by pile installation. A relationship between relative pile–tunnel location and the volume loss at which large pile displacements occurred is presented, which provides useful guidance to tunnel design engineers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".