Two-Transistor Active Pixel Sensor Readout Circuits in Amorphous Silicon Technology for High-Resolution Digital Imaging Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Active pixel sensor (APS) architectures using two transistors per pixel are reported in this paper for high-resolution low-noise digital imaging applications. The fewer number of on-pixel elements and reduced pixel complexity result in a smaller pixel pitch and increased pixel gain, which makes the two-transistor (2T) APS architectures promising for high-resolution, low-noise, and high-speed digital imaging including emerging medical imaging modalities, such as mammography tomosynthesis and cone beam computed tomography. Measured results from in-house fabricated test pixels using amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistors, as well as driving schemes for minimizing the threshold voltage metastability problem and increasing frame rate, are presented. The results indicate that a pixel input referred noise value of down to 220 electrons is achievable with a 50- -pixel-pitch a-Si 2T APS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".