Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Drug Dialyzability Prediction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict drug removal during dialysis based on drug properties and dialysis conditions. Nine antihypertensive drugs were chosen as model for this study. METHODS: Drugs were dissolved in a physiologic buffer and dialysed in vitro in different dialysis conditions (UFRmin/UFRmax, with/without BSA). Samples were taken at regular intervals and frozen at -20ºC until analysis. Extraction methods were developed for drugs that were dialysed with BSA in the buffer. Drug concentrations were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Dialysis clearances (CLDs) were calculated using the obtained drug concentrations. An ANOVA with Scheffe's pairwise adjustments was performed on the collected data in order to investigate the impact of drug plasma protein binding and ultrafiltration rate (UFR) on CLD. The software Neurosolutions was used to build ANNs that would be able to predict drug CLD (output). The inputs consisted of dialysis UFR and the herein drug properties: molecular weight (MW), logD and plasma protein binding. RESULTS: Observed CLDs were very high for the majority of the drugs studied. The addition of BSA in the physiologic buffer statistically significantly decreased CLD for carvedilol (p= 0.002) and labetalol (p<0.001), but made no significant difference for atenolol (p= 0.100). In contrast, varying UFR does not significantly affect CLD (p>0.025). Multiple ANNs were built and compared, the best model was a Jordan and Elman network which showed learning stability and good predictive results (MSEtesting = 129). CONCLUSION: In this study, we have developed an ANN-model which is able to predict drug removal during dialysis. Since experimental determination of all existing drug CLDs is not realistic, ANNs represent a promising tool for the prediction of drug CLD using drug properties and dialysis conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".