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Record W2131095128 · doi:10.1093/ptep/ptu147

Time variation of the equation of state for dark energy

2014· article· en· W2131095128 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

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affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueProgress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicCosmology and Gravitation Theories
Canadian institutionsQueen's University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhysicsOmegaInverseMathematical physicsTime derivativeDerivative (finance)Second derivativeExponential functionScalar (mathematics)Quantum mechanicsMathematical analysisGeometryMathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The time variation of the equation of state (⁠|$w_Q$|⁠) for the dark energy is analyzed by the current values of the parameters |$\Omega _Q$|⁠, |$w_Q$| and their time derivatives. In the future, detailed features of the dark energy could be observed, so we have considered the second derivative of |$w_Q$| for two types of potential: One is an inverse power-law type (⁠|$V=M^{4+ \alpha }/Q^{\alpha }$|⁠) and the other is an exponential one (⁠|$V=M^4\exp {(\beta M/Q)}$|⁠). The first derivative |$dw_Q/da$| and the second derivative |$d^2 w_Q/da^2$| for both potentials are derived. The first derivative is estimated by the observed two parameters |$\Delta =w_Q+1$| and |$\Omega _Q$|⁠, with the tracker approximation for |$Q$|⁠. In the limit |$\Delta \rightarrow 0$|⁠, the first derivative is null and, under the tracker approximation, the second derivative also becomes null. The evolution of forward and/or backward time variation could be analyzed from some fixed time point. If the potential is known, the evolution will be estimated from values |$Q$| and |$\dot {Q}$| at this point, because the equation for the scalar field is the second derivative equation. For the inverse power potential, if we do not adopt the tracker approximations, the observed first and second derivatives with |$\Delta$| and |$\Omega _Q$| must be utilized to determine the two parameters of the potential, |$M$| and |$\alpha$|⁠. For the exponential potential, the second derivative is estimated by the observed parameters |$\Delta$|⁠, |$\Omega _Q$|⁠, and |$dw_Q/da$|⁠, because the parameter for this potential is essentially one, |$\beta .$| If the parameter number is |$n$| for the potential form, it will be necessary for |$n+2$| independent observations to determine the potential, |$Q$| and |$\dot {Q}$|⁠, for the evolution of the scalar field.

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Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.392
Threshold uncertainty score0.265

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.246
Teacher spread0.241 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it