Optical Clock Recovery Using a Polarization-Modulator-Based Frequency-Doubling Optoelectronic Oscillator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a flexible optical clock recovery scheme using a polarization-modulator-based frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). The proposed system can extract both prescaled clock and line-rate clock from a degraded high-speed digital signal using only low-frequency devices. A simple theory is developed to study the physical basis of the optical clock recovery. The OEO operation from a free-running mode to an injection-locking mode is investigated. The locking range is quantitatively predicted. An experiment is then implemented to verify the proposed scheme. A prescaled clock at 10 GHz and a line-rate clock at 20 GHz are successfully extracted from a degraded 20 Gb/s optical time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) signal. The locking range and the phase noise performance are also experimentally investigated. Clock recovery from data signals that have no explicit subharmonic tone is also achieved. The proposed system can be modified to extract prescaled clock and line-rate clock from 160 Gb/s data signal using all 40-GHz devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".