A Fraud Detection System Based on Anomaly Intrusion Detection Systems for E-Commerce Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of exchanging goods and services over the Internet has seen an exponential growth in popularity over the years. The Internet has been a major breakthrough of online transactions, leaping over the hurdles of currencies and geographic locations. However, the anonymous nature of the Internet does not promote an idealistic environment for transactions to occur. The increase in online transactions has been added with an equal increase in the number of attacks against security of online systems. Auction sites and e-commerce web applications have seen an increase in fraudulent transactions. Some of these fraudulent transactions that are executed in e-commerce applications happen due to successful computer intrusions on these web sites. Although a lot of awareness has been raised about these facts, there has not yet been an effective solution to adequately address the problem of application-based attacks in e-commerce. This paper proposes a fraud detection system that uses different anomaly detection techniques to predict computer intrusion attacks in e-commerce web applications. The system analyses queries that are generated when requesting server-side code on an e-commerce site, and create models for different features when information is extracted from these queries. Profiles associated with the e-commerce application are automatically derived from a training dataset.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".