Causes and Effects of Frequent and Unannounced Electricity Blackouts on the Operations of Micro and Small Scale Industries in Kumasi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine the causes and effects of the frequent and unannounced electricity blackouts on the operations of micro and small scale industries (MSI) in Kumasi, Ghana. Data from a sample of 320 MSI selected from three industrial clusters in the Kumasi metropolis, revealed that the frequent and unannounced blackouts have caused a deficit of about 5.3% in the quantity of electricity they required for continuous operations. The blackout hours were estimated to last for an average of 10.3 hours per month. As a consequence of the blackouts, about 44% of the MSI spent this duration in redundancy because of lack of alternative sources of electricity but maintained the same labour cost. The remaining 56% of the MSI obtained power from alternative sources which required an average of GH¢15.5 per month to run. The paper concludes that uninterrupted electricity supply is vital for the effectiveness of the MSI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".