Modulator Bias and Optical Power Control of Optical Complex E-Field Modulators
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe novel techniques for closed-loop control of inner and outer Mach-Zehnder (MZ) biases in a dual parallel MZ (DPMZ) optical modulator. We also present a new technique based on modulator bias dithers to monitor the optical power contribution of each RF data path. The latter is demonstrated in an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> - <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> power balance control loop. We show that the new control methods are extremely robust in presence of modulator non-idealities, such as finite extinction ratios and non-zero chirp. We also demonstrate these techniques to be largely independent of RF drive waveform characteristics. Mathematical derivations of control transfer curves are provided. These are supported by simulation and measurement results. Additionally, we present a simple technique for polarization power balance in a dual-polarization modulation format. Finally, we discuss some practical details related to the implementation of the control loops described in this work.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it