Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the beginnings of mechanical refrigeration, at the end of the nineteenth century, carbon dioxide was one of the fi rst refrigerants to be used in compression-type refrigerating machines, later gaining widespread application mainly onboard refrigerated ships, but common in other sectors of refrigeration as well. It was only immediately after World War II that CO2 was rapidly eclipsed as a refrigerant, due to the advent of the synthesised halogenated working fluids, addressed as safe and ideal refrigerants at that time. Because of the stratospheric Ozone depletion environmental issue, CFC and HCFC working fl uids are now in the process of being phased out of use under the Montreal Protocol. The Global Warming environmental issue casts concern over the use of the new HFC fluids as substitute refrigerants, because of their high GWP values, which make them subject to regulations under the Kyoto Protocol. In this mixed situation, CO2 is being revisited as a fully environmentally friendly and safe refrigerant. An intense research activity on its prospective applications is underway in many research establishments in Europe, Japan and North America, and important results have already been reached in exploiting the peculiar characteristics of this high-pressure fl uid operated with a transcritical cycle. In some applications CO2 systems have already been commercialised; this applies to heat pump water heaters, as a brine in indirect systems and in the low temperature stage of cascade systems. The paper critically analyses the prospects for the future return of CO2 as a working fl uid, or sometimes as a brine with change of phase, in important application areas. These include air conditioning and heat pump systems in the residential and commercial sectors, commercial and transport refrigeration and mobile air conditioning.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it