Testing of a Wavelet-Packet-Transform-Based Differential Protection for Resistance-Grounded Three-Phase Transformers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an extension of real-time tests of a wavelet-packet-transform-based technique for the differential protection of three-phase power transformers. The proposed technique is implemented using a DS1102 digital signal processor board and tested on two different three-phase power transformers with neutral resistance grounded. Different magnetizing inrush and internal fault currents are investigated with current transformer (CT) saturation for different loading conditions, including capacitive loads. The results show a complete independence from transformer parameters, load types, grounding method, or CT saturation. Furthermore, the proposed technique has high speed, good accuracy, small required memory, and reliable responses with reduced computational burden. In all cases of the investigated internal faults, the proposed algorithm is capable of identifying the fault and generating a trip signal in less than a quarter cycle based on a 60-Hz system.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it