Noise in wireless systems produced by solar radio bursts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have carried out an investigation of 40 years of solar radio burst data in a wide range of frequencies that have been reported by observing stations around the world during 1960–1999. The data were compiled by the National Geophysical Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This period covers three full and two partial solar cycles. We find that the number of bursts per day with amplitudes >103 solar flux units (SFU) falls as an approximate power law with increasing flux level for the frequency bands investigated(1–10 and 10–20 GHz). Also, the number of events with peak flux density >103 SFU varies, as expected, with the solar cycle in the bands investigated (1–2, 2–4, and 4–10 GHz). We discuss the rate of occurrence of events (>103 SFU) in the context of the noise levels in typical wireless communications systems. We find that statistically, depending upon wireless system parameters, several solar events per year are likely to occur that could cause severe interference in a given cell site during solar maximum periods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".