Water Loss Versus Soaking Time: Spontaneous Imbibition in Tight Rocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The combined application of multilateral horizontal drilling and multistage hydraulic fracturing has successfully unlocked unconventional tight hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the field data show that only a small fraction of the injected water during hydraulic fracturing treatments is recovered during flowback operations. The fate of nonrecovered water and its impact on hydrocarbon production are poorly understood. This paper aims at understanding the relationship between water loss and rock petrophysical properties. It also investigates the correlation between water loss and soaking time (well shut‐in time). Extensive spontaneous imbibition experiments are conducted on downhole samples from the shale members of the Horn River Basin and from the Montney tight gas formation. These samples are characterized by measuring porosity, mineralogy and TOC. Further, a simple methodology is used to scale up the laboratory data for predicting water imbibition volume during the shut‐in period after hydraulic fracturing operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".