Fish nutrients decrease expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α in cultured human macrophages
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of fish consumption on inflammatory markers. Until now, these beneficial effects of fish consumption have been mostly linked to the omega-3 fatty acids (FA). The objective of the present study was to examine, in vitro, whether expression levels of genes involved in the inflammatory response differ in human macrophages incubated with casein hydrolysates (CH) or fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) in the presence or absence of omega-3 FA compared with omega-3 FA alone. Peripheral blood monocytes differentiated into macrophages from 10 men were incubated in the presence of omega-3 FA (10 microM eicosapentaenoic acid and 5 microM docosahexaenoic acid) or CH or FPH (10, 100, 1,000 microg) with or without omega-3 FA for 48 h. Results demonstrate that expression levels of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha) had a tendency to be lower after the addition of FPH alone or CH with omega-3 FA compared with omega-3 FA treatment. Furthermore, the combination of FPH and omega-3 FA synergistically decreased expression levels of TNFalpha compared to treatment with omega-3 FA or FPH alone. No difference on gene expression levels of interleukin-6 was observed between treatments. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of fish consumption can be explained by a synergistic effect of the omega-3 FA with the protein components of fish on TNFalpha expression and therefore contribute to the beneficial effects of fish consumption. Hence, follow-up studies should be performed to confirm the effects of a diet rich in FPH and omega-3 FA on serum proinflammatory cytokine concentrations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it