Meeting the E-Learning and Information and Computer Technology Needs of Post-secondary Students with Visual Impairments: An Overview of Two Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: We present the findings from two Canada-wide studies involving post-secondary students who self-identified as either being totally blind (n = 29) or having low vision (n = 143). The first study examined the information and communication technologies (ICTs) used by students and how adequately these met their on and off campus needs, and the second study explored the accessibility of e-learning at the post-secondary level, including which e-learning tools participants find most and least accessible. The findings indicate that several e-learning tools, such as PDF documents and web-based content, pose a number of accessibility problems. Moreover, the results suggest that participants encounter problems when using ICTs at home and at school, such as ICTs not being adequately up-to-date. We present these findings and provide recommendations to address these concerns, such as the need to ensure that universal design and web-accessibility guidelines are considered when e-learning tools are implemented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".