MATERNAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN THE EGG SIZE OF AN ITEROPAROUS FISH
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Life history theory predicts that organisms inhabiting environments with relatively poor conditions for the growth and survival of their offspring should produce fewer and larger offspring. We examined egg size (an index of offspring size) of an iteroparous, broadcast-spawning, freshwater fish—the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)—from 34 populations across 26° of latitude in order to determine whether egg size varied with respect to environmental indices of juvenile habitat quality. Variation among populations (among environments) was compared to variation within populations (among females). Within populations, egg size generally increased with maternal size and age. Slopes of these relationships were much more variable among populations (cv > 100%) than interannually within populations (cv < 50%). Egg size vs. female size/age correlations were stronger in populations closer to the northern and southern limits of the walleye range. Egg size was also related to maternal growth history, but the effects of recent growth (previous year) were inconsistent. Egg size varied much less than fecundity among females of the same population. For a standard size/age of female, predicted egg size was more variable among populations (cv > 10%) than interannually within populations (cv < 5%), but only slightly more variable than among females within populations (mean cv = 8.5%). Nevertheless, among-population variability in egg size was related to environmental conditions. Mean egg size decreased with increasing latitude/decreasing mean annual temperature, contrary to our predictions. However, as predicted, egg size decreased with increasing lake productivity following adjustment for the latitudinal/temperature effect. These results suggest that egg size in fishes may be influenced by multiple environmental factors across populations, as well as by maternal effects within populations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it