Factors Influencing Police Attitudes towards Extrajudicial Measures under the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extrajudicial measures under the Youth Criminal Justice Act require police to reorient their thinking about how to respond to youth. The act provides specific structure and guidance to police about the appropriateness of extrajudicial measures and does not preclude its use when a youth received one in the past. The emphasis on accountability and proportionality suggests that police ought to be driven by the seriousness of the youth's offending behaviour and much less by the youth's record. Drawing from a sample of 70 police officers from five jurisdictions within Ontario, our surveys (N = 70) and in-depth interviews (N = 64) with police reveal that they place relatively heavy weight on prior police contact of any kind (past extrajudicial measure or finding of guilt) and that this has a significant influence on their attitudes towards diverting youth for minor offences like mischief and shoplifting. The results are analyzed within the context of literature on police attitudes and decision making to divert in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.027 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".