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Record W2155467631 · doi:10.1080/00045608.2010.485449

Illuminated Choropleth Maps

2010· article· en· W2155467631 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAnnals of the Association of American Geographers · 2010
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicData Visualization and Analytics
Canadian institutionsQueen's University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCartographyGeographyPopulationContiguityEnumerationStatisticsComputer scienceArtificial intelligenceMathematicsCombinatorics

Abstract

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Abstract Choropleth maps are commonly used to show statistical variation among map enumeration units. Mapmakers take into account numerous considerations and make many decisions to produce a product that will effectively communicate spatially complex information to the map user. One design consideration is the choice between classed or unclassed choropleth maps. Unclassed maps assign a unique color, shade, or pattern based on each unit's value. These maps are rich in information but might not be optimal for visual discrimination of regions or identifying values from a legend. Classed maps classify enumeration units based on unit values and in some cases consider geographic area per class or contiguity. These classed maps better delineate regions and interclass variation but are designed to eliminate visibility of intraclass variations. We present a method designed to use colors for choropleth classes and soft shadows to show intraclass variations associated with adjacent or nearby polygons. We conceptualize the choropleth data as a three-dimensional prism model under simulated illumination, with the height of each enumeration unit a function of its mapped value. Our user studies have demonstrated that participants were able to use soft shadows to better identify which of two adjacent units was of greater population density, regardless of whether units were in the same or different classes. Additionally, the resulting soft shadows rarely interfere with the map reader's ability to match color classes to a legend or to compare estimated differences in mean and variance of population density between two regions. Los mapas de coropletas se utilizan comúnmente para mostrar la variación estadística entre unidades cartográficas de enumeración. Quienes hacen los mapas toman en cuenta numerosas consideraciones y adoptan no pocas decisiones para lograr un producto que efectivamente comunique al usuario del mapa información espacialmente compleja. Una consideración de diseño es la escogencia entre mapas de coropletas clasificados o no clasificados. Los mapas no clasificados asignan un color, matiz o patrón único con base en el valor de cada unidad. Estos mapas son ricos en información pero podrían no ser lo mejor para la discriminación visual de regiones o para identificar valor a partir de una leyenda. Los mapas clasificados hacen la clasificación de las unidades de información con base en valores de la unidad y en algunos casos consideran el área geográfica por clase o por contigüidad. Estos mapas clasificados delinean mejor las regiones y la variación entre clases pero se diseñan para eliminar la visibilidad de las variaciones dentro de la clase. Nosotros proponemos un método diseñado para usar colores para clases de coropletas y sombreados suaves, con el fin de mostrar variaciones dentro de las clases asociadas con los polígonos adyacentes o cercanos. Conceptualizamos los datos coropléticos como un modelo de prisma tridimensional bajo iluminación simulada, en la que la altura de cada unidad de enumeración es una función de su valor mapeado. Nuestros estudios sobre usuarios de mapas han demostrado que los participantes utilizaron sin dificultad los sombreados suaves para identificar más fácilmente cuál entre dos unidades adyacentes tenía una mayor densidad de población, sin consideración a que las unidades fueran de la misma o diferente clase. Adicionalmente, los sombrados suaves resultantes raramente interfieren con la habilidad del lector del mapa para equiparar el color de las clases con una leyenda o de comparar las diferencias estimadas en media y varianza de la densidad población entre dos regiones. key Words: cartographychoropleth mapsclass intervalsillumination modelsshadingshadowing关键词: 制图等值区域图类别间隔光照模型着色阴影Palabras clave: cartografíamapas de coropletasintervalos de clasemodelos de iluminaciónmatizadosombreado

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.069
Threshold uncertainty score0.242

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.290
Teacher spread0.277 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it