Countervailing Immigration and Domestic Migration in Gateway Cities: Australian and Canadian Variations on an American Theme
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: This article addresses the spatial regularity of countervailing population flows of immigration and net domestic migration, respectively, into and out of large gateway cities. This regularity has been noted most often in the United States, and the argument presented here makes two new contributions. First, it extends the analysis to the principal Australian and Canadian gateway cities of Sydney and Toronto, making use of an extended time series of annual data. Second, it argues for the importance of the neglected effects of housing markets, in contrast to conventional accounts that stress cultural avoidance or labor market competition, in differentiating the two demographic streams. The article shows how trends in the housing market separate the locational preferences of immigrants from two diverse groups of domestic migrants.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it