Measurement of dynamic properties of stiff specimens using ultrasonic waves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The measurement of low-strain properties (wave velocity and damping ratio) of geomaterials is affected by equipment-generated delays, coupling of transducers, and wave reflections. This study presents a new technique to measure ultrasonic properties of stiff specimens accurately. Compressional-wave velocities in cylindrical rods of different lengths and materials were measured using different ultrasonic equipment. The error induced by different equipment was below 1% after the measurements were corrected by the equipment time delay. Shear-wave velocities of different materials were measured using ultrasonic transducers (frequency < 1 MHz) and a resonant column device (frequency < 200 Hz). The difference in shear-wave velocities was less than 4%, and the measured values are in agreement with published results for all tested materials. A new methodology based on the first two reflections of the main pulse has been developed to measure the damping ratio of stiff specimens using ultrasonic equipment. The ultrasonic measurements of the damping ratio compare well with resonant column results. A more reliable determination of the dynamic Poisson’s ratio of a cemented sand was achieved using corrected ultrasonic-wave velocities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".