Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using biological processes - a review.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Syed, M., Soreanu, G., Falletta, P. and Beland M. 2006. Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using biological processes A review. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 48: 2.1 2.14. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and odorous compound present in biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of biosolids and other organic materials. Due to its corrosive nature in internal combustion engines, biological hydrogen sulfide removal processes are being investigated to overcome the chemical and disposal costs associated with existing chemically-based removal processes. Both phototrophic and chemotrophic bacteria are suitable candidate microorganisms for hydrogen sulfide bioxidation. Phototrophic C. limicola is an ideal bacterium in these biological removal processes due to its ability to grow under anaerobic conditions using only inorganic substrates and a light source and its efficient extracellular production of elemental sulfur from H2S. Phototrophic fixed-film reactors are an interesting concept for cost-effective H2S removal from biogas due to their ability to operate for long periods of time without requiring a biomass separation step and their ability to operate under higher and variable loadings. However, a light source is one of the key constraints for this process. Chemotrophic bacteria can also be used in fixed-film reactors to produce elemental sulfur instead of sulfate under controlled oxygen conditions. These bioscrubbers are gaining acceptance for treating hydrogen sulfide containing gases from a wide variety of sources such as biogas, off-gases from wastewater treatment plants, livestock farms, etc. The biofilter medium is inexpensive and may contain sufficient micro-nutrients for the microbial communities. Future research needs include the optimization of the anaerobic biofiltration process, the development of a system combining the advantages of phototrophic and chemotrophic bacteria and the possible co-removal of siloxanes within this process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".