Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the author uses his recently proposed complex variable generalized distribution theory to expand the domains of existence of bilateral Laplace and z transforms, as well as a whole new class of related transforms. A vast expansion of the domains of existence of bilateral Laplace and z transforms and continuous-time and discrete-time Hilbert, Hartley and Mellin transforms, as well as transforms of multidimensional functions and sequences are obtained. It is noted that the Fourier transform and its applications have advanced by leaps and bounds during the last century, thanks to the introduction of the theory of distributions and, in particular, the concept of the Dirac-delta impulse. Meanwhile, however, the truly two-sided ‘bilateral’ Laplace and z transforms, which are more general than Fourier, remained at a standstill incapable of transforming the most basic of functions. In fact, they were reduced by half to one-sided transforms and received no more than a passing reference in the literature. It is shown that the newly proposed generalized distributions expand the domains of existence and application of Laplace and z transforms similar to and even more extensively than the expansion of the domain of Fourier transform that resulted from the introduction, nearly a century ago, of the theory of distributions and the Dirac-delta impulse. It is also shown that the new generalized distributions put an end to an anomaly that still exists today, which meant that for a large class of basic functions, the Fourier transform exists while the more general Laplace and z transforms do not. The anomaly further manifests itself in the fact that even for the one-sided causal functions, such as the Heaviside unit step function u ( t ) and the sinusoid sin βtu ( t ), the Laplace transform does not exist on the j ω -axis, and the Fourier transform which does exist cannot be deduced thereof by the substitution s =j ω in the Laplace transform, which by definition it should. The extended generalized transforms are well defined for a large class of functions ranging from the most basic to highly complex fast-rising exponential ones that have so far had no transform. Among basic applications, the solution of partial differential equations using the extended generalized transforms is provided. This paper clearly presents and articulates the significant impact of extending the domains of Laplace and z transforms on a large family of related transforms, after nearly a century during which bilateral Laplace and z transforms of even the most basic of functions were undefined, and the domains of definition of related transforms such as Hilbert, Hartley and Mellin transforms were confined to a fraction of the space they can now occupy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".