Mixture Particle Filter for Low Cost INS/Odometer/GPS Integration in Land Vehicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently the common solution for land vehicle positioning. However, GPS signals may suffer from blockage in urban canyons and tunnels, and the positioning information provided is interrupted. One solution to have continuous vehicle positioning is to integrate GPS with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and the navigation solution is achieved using an estimation technique which is traditionally based on Kalman filter (KF). In order to have a low cost navigation solution for land vehicles, MEMS-based inertial sensors are used. To achieve a better performance during GPS outages, the speed derived from the vehicle odometer is used as a measurement update. To improve the positioning accuracy of the MEMS-based INS/Odometer/GPS integration, particle filtering (PF) is used as a nonlinear filtering technique, which does not need to linearize the models as in Extended KF (EKF). Because of PF ability to deal with nonlinear models, it can accommodate arbitrary sensor characteristics and motion dynamics. An enhanced version of PF is used which is called Mixture PF. While the Sampling/Importance Resampling (SIR) PF samples from the prior importance density and the Likelihood PF samples from the observation likelihood, the Mixture PF samples from both densities, then appropriate weighting is achieved followed by resampling. This mixture of importance densities leads to a better performance. The performance of this method is examined by road test trajectories in a land vehicle and compared to KF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".