A Discrete Adjoint Variable Method for Printed-Circuit Board Computer-Aided Design
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose an adjoint-variable method for design sensitivity analysis of printed circuits and antennas where allowable perturbations in the design parameters are of a discrete type. We extend previous work on the sensitivity analysis of waveguide structures, where changes in the design parameters are stepwise, on-grid volumetric perturbations. Here, we explore the feasibility of such an approach in the case of printed-circuit board problems (with open boundaries) where perturbations relate to the shapes elements of infinitesimal thickness. We propose a complex-variable formulation of our approximate sensitivity analysis that improves its computational efficiency. The proposed technique offers significant increases in efficiency, accuracy, and convergence when compared to traditional sensitivity-analysis techniques. Its implementation is straightforward. The response and its gradient with respect to all possible design parameters are computed with at most two full-wave analyses—of the original and the adjoint problems. It operates on a fixed discretization grid where perturbations of grid nodes are not needed. We illustrate our technique through the sensitivity analysis of a microstrip line and a probe-fed printed patch antenna as well as the optimization of a printed Yagi antenna array.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it