A Comparative Study of Clustering Methods for Urban Areas Segmentation from High Resolution Remote Sensing Image
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper focuses on evaluating and comparing a number of clustering methods used in color image segmentation of high resolution remote sensing images. Despite the enormous progress in the analysis of remote sensing imagery over the past three decades, there is a lack of guidance on how to select an image segmentation method suitable for the image type and size. Clustering has been widely used as a segmentation approach therefore, choosing an appropriate clustering method is very critical to achieve better results. In this paper we compare five clustering methods that have been suggested for segmentation of images. We focus on segmentation of urban areas in high resolution remote sensing images. Effective clustering extracts regions which correspond to land uses in urban areas. Ground truth images are used to evaluate the performance of clustering methods. The comparison shows that the average accuracy of road extraction is above 75%. The results show the potential of clustering high resolution aerial images starting from the three RGB bands only. The comparison gives some guidance and tradeoffs involved in using each.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".