Full-Scale Flexural Testing on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Poles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An extensive research project is currently carried out at the University of Sherbrooke to develop and evaluate the flexural behavior of lightweight fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) poles. In this project, a total of 23 full-scale prototypes of FRP poles with length ranging from 5 to 12 m were submitted to static flexural testing. The load carrying capacity, the failure modes and the deflection of these FRP poles, having hollow circular cross section and variable wall thickness, are being investigated experimentally and theoretically. The FRP poles were produced with the filament winding process, using epoxy resin reinforced with E-glass fibers. Each type of the poles tested in this study is constituted by three zones where the geometrical and the mechanical properties are different in each zone. The difference of these properties is due to the number of layers used in each zone and the fiber orientation of each layer. A new test setup designed and built according to ASTM-D4923–01 and ANSI-C136.20 standards recommendations was used to conduct full-scale flexural testing. Test parameters include the geometrical properties of FRP poles, the type of fibers, presence and positioning (compression side compared to tension side) of the hole are also investigated. Experimental results show that the use of low linear density glass-fibers could provide an increase of the ultimate load carrying capacity up to 38 % for some FRP poles. Also, the positioning of the hole in the compression side compared to the tension side leads to an increase of the ultimate load carrying capacity up to 22 % for the 5.4m (18 feet) FRP poles and no significant effect (3,5%) for the 12m (40 feet) FRP poles. This is mainly due to the stacking sequence and the stress states generated around the hole. Theoretical predictions of the deflection at the loading position are also presented using the theory of linear elasticity and the orthotropic material properties of the composite materials. Good agreement is found between experimental and theoretical results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".