RAPTOR PREDATION ON WINTERING DUNLINS IN RELATION TO THE TIDAL CYCLE
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
At Boundary Bay, British Columbia, Canada, Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) captured 94 Dunlins (Calidris alpina) in 652 hunts. The two main hunting methods were open attacks on flying Dunlins (62%) and stealth attacks on roosting or foraging Dunlins (35%). Peregrines hunted throughout the day, yet the kill rate per observation hour dropped 1–2 hr before high tide and peaked 1–2 hr after high tide. The drop in kill rate coincided with the departure of the mass of Dunlins for over-ocean flights lasting 2–4 hr. The peak in kill rate occurred just after the tide began to ebb and the Dunlins returned to forage in the shore zone. The hypothesis that closeness to shoreline vegetation is dangerous for Dunlins is supported by three converging lines of evidence: (1) the high success rate (44%) of peregrine hunts over the shore zone compared to the rate (11%) over tide flats and ocean; (2) the high kill rate per observation hour at high tide; and (3) the positive correlation of kill rate with the height of the tides. Seven of 13 Dunlins killed by Merlins (Falco columbarius) and all five Dunlins killed by Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) were also captured in the shore zone. Depredación de Calidris alpina por Rapaces durante el Período Invernal con Relación al Ciclo de la Marea Resumen. En la Bahía Boundary, Columbia Británica, Canadá, halcones Falco peregrinus capturaron 94 ejemplares de Calidris alpina en 652 horas. Los dos métodos principales de caza fueron ataques abiertos sobre individuos que estaban volando (62%) y ataques encubiertos sobre individuos que estaban posados o forrajeando (35%). F. peregrinus cazó a lo largo del día, pero la tasa de matanza por hora de observación disminuyó 1–2 hr antes de la pleamar y alcanzó un máximo 1–2 hr después de la pleamar. La caída en la tasa de matanza coincidió con la partida en masa de C. alpina para realizar vuelos sobre el océano que duraron 2–4 hr. El pico en la tasa de matanza ocurrió justo después de que la marea comenzó a menguar y de que los individuos de C. alpina regresaron a forrajear a la zona de playa. La hipótesis de que la cercanía de la vegetación a la línea de playa es peligrosa para C. alpina es apoyada por tres líneas convergentes de evidencia: (1) la alta tasa de éxito (44%) de las cacerías de F. peregrinus sobre la zona de playa comparada con la tasa (11%) de las cacerías sobre los planos de la marea y el océano; (2) la alta tasa de matanza por hora de observación durante la pleamar; y (3) la correlación positiva de la tasa de matanza con la altura de las mareas. Siete de 13 individuos de C. alpina cazados por F. columbarius y todos 5 individuos de C. alpina cazados por Circus cyaneus también fueron atrapados en la zona de playa.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it