Integrated control of garlic leaf blight caused by <i>Stemphylium solani</i> in China
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani is a major fungal disease of garlic (Allium sativum) in central China where it has caused severe crop losses during the winter growing season from the end of autumn to the middle of spring. Epidemiology, cultivar resistance, and chemical controls were investigated during the 2006 to 2008 growing seasons in Dangyang County to improve disease control methods. Disease severity monitoring revealed that the activity of S. solani was variable between growing seasons, and this may have been due to weather conditions. Disease severity was positively correlated with increasing temperatures, but no consistent relationship was found between total rainfall and disease. Additionally, the study demonstrated that conidia and mycelium of S. solani could survive in garlic debris for long periods and serve as the primary inoculum source for the subsequent season. Relatively few of the commonly grown cultivars had high levels of resistance to leaf blight. Garlic cultivars 'Qingganruanye', 'Ruanruanye' and 'Zixuan-2' were among the most resistant, but except for 'Zixuan-2', did not produce sufficient harvestable bolts as would be desirable for the local market. All fungicide treatments applied to cloves used as planting material seemed to promote seedling emergence, but significant effects (P = 0.05) were observed only with fludioxonil (0.05 g kg−1) and thiram (1.25 g kg−1). Fungicide applications in the field were effective in controlling leaf blight, and flusilazole (50 g ha−1), flusilazole plus famoxadone (50 g plus 104 g ha−1) or mancozeb (350 g ha−1) had the highest efficacy in reducing leaf blight severity. Résumé: La brûlure de la feuille causée par Stemphylium solani est une des principales maladies fongiques de l'ail (Allium sativum) du centre de la Chine où elle a causé de lourdes pertes durant la période de croissance hivernale, c'est-à-dire de la fin de l'automne au milieu du printemps. De 2006 à 2008 dans le comté de Dangyang, durant les saisons de croissance, l'épidémiologie, la résistance des cultivars et la lutte chimique ont été étudiées afin d'améliorer les méthodes de lutte contre la maladie. La surveillance de la gravité de la maladie a révélé que l'activité de S. solani variait d'une saison de croissance à l'autre et que cela était peut-être dû aux conditions du temps. La gravité de la maladie était positivement corrélée à l'augmentation des températures, mais aucune relation constante n'a pu être établie entre les précipitations et la maladie. De plus, l'étude a démontré que les conidies et le mycélium de S. solani pouvaient survivre dans les débris d'ail durant de longues périodes et servir de source d'inoculum primaire pour la saison suivante. Un petit nombre relatif de cultivars utilisés couramment possédait de hauts degrés de résistance à la brûlure de la feuille. Les cultivars d'ail 'Qingganruanye', 'Ruanruanye' et 'Zixuan-2' étaient parmi les plus résistants, mais ils n'ont pas produit assez de feuilles récoltables de qualité acceptable pour le marché, sauf 'Zixuan-2'. Tous les traitements fongiques appliqués aux gousses utilisées pour les semis ont semblé promouvoir leur émergence, mais des résultats significatifs (P = 0.05) ont été observés seulement avec le fludioxonil (0.05 g·kg−1) et le thirame (1.25 g·kg−1). Au champ, on a pu maîtriser la brûlure de la feuille par l'application de fongicides. Le flusilazole (50 g ha−1), le flusilazole plus le famoxadone (50 g + 104 g·ha−1) et le mancozebe (350 g·ha−1) ont été les plus efficaces pour réduire la gravité de la maladie. Keywords: chemical controlcultivar susceptibilitydisease progressioninoculum survivalAlliumStemphylium solaniMots clés: Alliumlutte chimiqueprogression de la maladiesensibilité du cultivarStemphylium solanisurvie de l'inoculum Acknowledgements This work was supported by The Key Agricultural Research Project (2006AA201B06) of Hubei Province, China, and by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario, Canada.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it